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假面阴阳—安徽贵池傩舞的田野考察与研究

Fake Face with Yin and Yang-Field Investigation and Research on Nuo Dance in Guichi of Anhui Province

【作者】罗斌 【导师】冯双白

【作者基本信息】中国艺术研究院，舞蹈学，2007年，博士


【摘要 (中文/英文)】 安徽贵池傩戏，是以驱疫祈吉为目的、以戴面具为搬演特征的请神敬祖的民间祭祀歌舞、戏曲活动，也是中国古代家族宗法社会族傩表演的一个活的遗留物，在中国傩学界具有代表性，被专家誉为“中国戏曲的活化石”；而长久以来，关于中国古代舞蹈的逻辑发生始终缺乏足够的研究成果。本文的研究表明，对贵池傩舞的考察、研究，对中国舞蹈的发生认识具有良性“刺激”。但，以往的傩学研究过多专注于傩的原始文化意蕴、宗教内涵与民俗仪札，过密地关注傩戏的历史沿革、文化类别、戏剧因素和民间艺术，对于俯拾即是的“傩舞”现象缺乏应有的重视，更没有对占据重要地位又具备独立文化属性的傩舞进行完型研究。至于运用舞蹈文化人类学、舞蹈生态学等学科方法挖掘“傩舞”内涵，探究其文化功能，廓清其本质的研究文字，至今尚未发现。这便增加了本论文的诞生价值和学术新意。 有鉴于此，本文首先立足于舞蹈文化人类学田野考察和舞蹈生态学的形态分析方法的实际运用，在对贵池地区的原生态傩舞进行全方位考察的基础上，着力于研究对象的文化播布、仪式构成和形态图式的完整性考辨，梳理了“贵池傩舞”作为一个独立的文化概念在其“文化圈”应用的分类与布局，发现了它在贵池傩环境中的特殊地位与价值；继而，通过对“一手材料”的真切占有和文献、实物的整合研究，实施了对研究对象的发生学、民俗学和文化学解析。透视了贵池傩舞作为个案研究所拥有的文化普世性，尤其是原始而神秘的形态背后蕴涵的儒释道精神、为普趋吉的民间信仰、阴阳谐和的动作图式观念和完整谨严的文化构成．而达成上述论说的理论方式涉及文化人类学的诸多流派(如文化空间理论、符号人类学、结构主义人类学、解释人类学等)和舞蹈生态学的核心理论(形态分析、因子分解与特征提取、环境与核心物的关系等)，应该说，本文的学术用力某种程度上为建构舞蹈文化人类学的中国学派做了基础性的尝试。以上便是本文绪论、四个章节和结论的内容。需要指出的是，本文结构始终贯彻了舞蹈文化人类学的学科理念，这也是本文写作的另一个用力点。 但，本文的立场决不在古代，而是以“当下”为前提，凸显傩舞研究视阈的当代性与现实价值。本文认识“傩舞”的初衷在于：放眼于古今环节中当代遗存的古意再生与理性观念的恒常属性，建构一个多层面的、本体和根性意识的、全息性与网络化的“傩”文化阐释体系，恢复傩舞应有的文化意义。而以此为契机，侧面探索中国舞蹈的文化发生，也是本文的奢望之一。

Guichi "Nuo" Play in Anhui province, is a folk sacrifices of singing and dancing and drama activity of inviting god and worshipping forefather, characterized with recurrent scene by mask wearing with the purpose of driving pestilence and impetrating propitious, and it is also a live relic of Nuo Play in ethnicity play in family patriarchal clan society of ancient family in China, The "Nuo" Play is an representative in Chinese Nuo Field and is granted with a title of "Living Fossil of Chinese Drama"; However, for a long time, the logic occurrence related to Chinese ancient dancing has always lacked of sufficient researching achievements. Research in this text showed that the investigation and research on Guiehi "Nuo" Play have beneficial "stimulation" to the cognition on occurrence of Chinese dancing. But, the previous research on '"Nuo" Study dedicates too much at the original cultural implication, religious connotation as well as the folk ritual; pays too much attention to the historical evolution, cultural classification, drama factors as well as folk art of Nuo Play, while, paying less attention to the phenomenon of extremely-common "Nuo" Play that shouldn't have been neglected, and even no cloze research carried out on the "Nuo" Play, which occupies an important place as well as possesses independent culture attributes. As for tapping the connotation of "Nuo" Play and exploring its culture functions and expurgating its substantial researching characters through the applications of such academic methods as anthropology of dancing cultural, dancing ecology and other academic methods, are yet not detected as far, thus, it will increase the naissance value and academic fresh ideas of the dissertation. Given this, this text firstly sets its foot in the practical application of the configuration analysis method about field investigation and dance ecology. On the base of investigating completely the original ecological Nuo Play in Guichi area, it aims to doing research on the culture promulgation, function constitution as well as integrality investigation and debate of the research objects, meanwhile, hackling the classify and composition of the application of "Nuo Play in Guichi area" as an independent cultural concept in its "cultural world". Thus, finding its special status and value in the Nuo Environment in Guiehi area; then, through the real occupancy of"the first-hand material" and the holistic research of literature and practicality, implement the resolution of the genetics, folklore and culture about the researched objects, and make perspectives on the cultural publication that Nuo Play possesses as an individual case research. Especially, such these ones as sprit of Confucianisem, Buddhism and Taoism contained behind the primordial and unreachable configuration, folk godliness that pursues good fortunes and be virtuous, ideas with movement and pictures about the harmony of Yin and yang, the complete and precise culture constitution. The theory mode that reaches the above argumentation refers to many genres of cultural anthropology (cultural space theory, symbol anthropology, structuralism anthropology, interpretative anthropology, ere) and core theory about dance ecology (configuration analysis, gene decomposition and features extraction, relationships of environment and core objects, etc), it should say, academia energization makes a basic sample for building Chinese school about dance cultural anthropology in a certain degree. The above is the content of the introduction of the text, four chapters and the conclusion. What needs to point out is the structure of the text follows out all the time the subject ideas of dance cultural anthropology, which are also another emphasis of writing this text. However, the standpoints of this text are not in antiquity, basing on the "nowadays" as its precondition, to protrude the modem nature and the practical value of the visual threshold on "Nuo" Play study. The original intention of learning the "Nuo" Play in this text lies in: scanning widely the remnant recovering of the antique taste in far-back and present processes as well as the constant attribute of rational ideas, building a explanation system of "Nuo" culture with multilayers, noumenon and consciousness of root nature, holographic and latticing, renewing the cultural meaning that "Nuo" Play should have. As taking this as the chance, exploring the occurrence of the Chinese dance culture from the flank is also one of the exravagant wishes of this text.

【关键词 (中文/英文)】 安徽贵池; 傩舞; 舞蹈文化人类学; 舞蹈生态学 Guichi in Anhui Province; Nuo play; anthropology of dance culture; dance ecology

【发表年期】2007年06期 【网络出版投稿人】中国艺术研究院 【DOI】CNKI:CDMD:1.2007.143056