[陈江]明代中后期的江南社会与社会生活
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明代中后期的江南社会与社会生活
【作者】陈江 【导师】王家范
【作者基本信息】华东师范大学，中国古代史，2003年，博士
【中文摘要】 本文从区域社会文化研究的视角，对明代中后期江南地区社会和社会生活中所出现的一系列变化，作了比较深入而全面的考察与论述，旨在揭示这些变化的发生原因、具体表现及其在江南乃至全国的历史意义。 首先，本文从历史时段和地域空间两个角度，就政治、经济、社会、文化、传统风俗、自然生态环境等方面进行了考察与分析，意在说明，江南社会的诸种变化并不能归结于单一的、个别的动因，而实在是多种因素综合作用的结果。其次，就家庭结构和家庭成员的相互关系、宗族组织的发展演变及其社会功能、民间社团的兴盛及其社会影响等问题作了探讨，藉以说明，以传统身份等级制度为核心的社会关系、社会观念和伦理规范此时已发生剧烈的震荡和颇为明显的变动。随后，又对江南的社会生活进行了多方面、多角度的考察。透过物质消费生活追新慕异、竞趋奢靡的表象，可以看出社会变迁的波动轨迹；而婚丧喜庆、社交礼节以及两性关系中出现的各种变异，皆证明传统的等级规定和礼仪制度正面临空前严重的挑战。人们生活情趣的多元化趋向和相互间的影响，节日风俗、民间信仰、庙会社伙、通俗文艺等精神文化生活中显现的新的价值取向和审美趣味，雅、俗文化之间的交相渗透和双向互动等，也都蕴含着极为丰富而重要的社会意义。最后，对江南人士日益增强的地方意识，为维护地方利益所作的努力，以及由顾炎武、黄宗羲系统阐述的地方分权思想，作了探讨与分析。意在指出，明代中后期的江南地区，由于经济、社会、文化的个性化发展，更为明显地凸现出不同于其他地区的地域特色；对地方利益和生活方式的认同，进一步增强了人们的地方观念；以乡绅商贾为主体的“富民”阶层已有一定程度的发育，从而向专制君主提出分享一部分权力的政治诉求，遂于传统政治体制内形成某种离心倾向。 以上考察与分析表明，江南社会的变化是广泛而深刻的，而一些近代性的因素也在变化中逐渐孕育萌芽，或显或晦地闪现出来，为此可以说，在传统社会的整体架构中，确实已发生某种程度的局部蜕变。然而须指出的是，江南社会的诸多变化是在特定的时空条件下发生的，远离辽东边患和农民起义，位于一个较为安定的地区，以及极权统治的削弱、传统规范的失控和社会环境的相对宽松等，皆为江南的个性化发展奠定了必要的基础，而一旦这些条件不复存在，强有力的等级秩序重新建立，有悖旧制的社会异动便会趋于迟缓。从另一方面看，在规范失控中出现的某些躁动又进一步造成社会的失范，从而引发一系列道德问题和社会弊病，这也显示出社会转型初期新道德观念发展的不成熟性。 历史上的这一页虽已翻过，但当后世的某些时段重又出现许多似曾相识的情景时，人们不禁会感叹：逝去的一切，作为历史的积淀，往往不会是踏雪无痕，飞鸿无影的。
【英文摘要】 In the perspective of the regional social cultural study this dissertation reviews and discusses deeply and widely the series changes emerged in the social lives in the Jiangnan Delta during the period of mid and late Ming Dynasty with the purpose to post the origins and the historical meanings of those changes in terms of the region as the whole country.Firstly from the spatial-temporal angles of the history and the region this dissertation reviews and analyses the politics, economy, society, culture, traditional customs, and the ecological environment in the Jiangnan Delta in order to argue that the changes in this area during the period of mid and late Ming Dynasty can not be summed up as a single or any individual momentum, but should be treated as the result of the multi-momentums. Secondly through probing into the family structure and relationship among family members, the development of the kindred organization and the social function, and the thrive of folk association and the impact of them this dissertation opens out that there were violent movements and obvious changes in the traditional social relationship with the core of social stratification during the period. Thirdly, it also studies the social lives in the Jiangnan Delta at that time from the different angles and different perspective. From the phenomenon of pursuing luxury material lives it is easy to see the track of the social change at that time. And it has also been proved that the traditional rules of the social stratification and ritual institutions were facing great challenge by all the other changes in the ceremony of marriage and death, as well as by the changes in the social rites and even in the sex lives. The multi-directions in life styles and their impact on the festival customs, folk believing, temple rites, popular arts and literature, etc. revealed the new values in aesthetics and the interaction between the elite culture and the common culture which contained the very rich and important social meanings. Finally this dissertation discusses and analyses the idea of increasing regional power and the efforts to protect regional rights in the circle of intellectuals represented by Gu Yanwu and Huang Zongxi. With this analysis it points out that in the period of mid and late Min Dynasty there were inimitable economic, social, cultural and individual developments in the Jiangnan Delta with obvious regional characteristics quite differing from other parts in the country. All these developments companied the identity for the regional advantage and regional life style, which caused strength of regional concept. At the same time the "richer people" formed mainly by the country gentlemen and the merchants had grown to some extent who began to declare the right of sharing part of the power from the emperor, which shaped certain centrifugal tendency in the traditional political structure.It shows clearly from all the review and analysis in this dissertation that the social changes in the Jiangnan Delta during that period were deep and wide, in which some modern elements had been emerged slowly or appeared vaguely. Thus we can say that there was real partial metamorphosis in the whole traditional social structure. However, it is necessary to point out that the social changes mentioned above happened under special spatial-temporal conditions, such as far away from northeast border clashes and peasants' uprisings, located in a comparative peaceful area and in a relax social environment with the weakening of the central authoritarian power and the losing control of the traditional rules. While as soon as all these conditions with which all the individual developments in the Jiangnan Delta disappeared while the strong hierarchy order once again was re-built, the changes differing from the old rules would tend to be slower and even be stopped. From the other aspect we can also see that some further social disorders caused by some disturbances merged in the period of losing control of the traditional rules, which
【网络出版年期】2003年03期 【网络出版投稿人】华东师范大学 【网络出版投稿时间】2003-09-11 【DOI】CNKI:CDMD:1.2003.094840 攻读期成果
