研究日常、大众、下层,涉及历史观和方法论的问题。虽然我们的主流意识形态不断强调人民推动了历史前进,但我们的历史研究实际上对这个动力却十分轻视。当然论者可以反驳说,研究农民战争不也曾红极一时?但很清楚,这些农民战争的研究基本是以领导者为中心的。当一个普通农民一旦振臂一呼成为起义的领袖,便成为我们历史撰写中的“英雄”,他们的事迹不过是进一步为我们的英雄史观提供更多的脚注和事例罢了。我们似乎不屑把精力浪费在那些在历史上默默无闻的芸芸众生之上,生恐这样便降低了我们历史研究的意义。黄仁宇的《万历十五年》,不正是从一个平平常常的、“没有意义的一年”(a year of no significance)中发现了这个帝国内部所隐藏的、导致其灭顶之灾的深层危机吗?当然,黄仁宇的兴趣,仍然在于帝王将相,与我们所关注的默默无闻的,日出而作、日落而息的老百姓,仍然有着遥远的距离。其实,难道我们不认为每天的日常生活,较之突发的政治事件,更贴近我们的命运吗?在我看来,没有无意义的研究对象,无论我们的研究对象是多么平淡无奇,多么缺乏宏大的“政治叙事”,如果我们有利用“显微镜”解剖对象的本领,有贴近底层的心态和毅力,我们可以从那些表面看来“无意义”的对象中,发现历史和文化的有意义的内涵。
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[21]Charles D. Kaplan, Helmut Kampe, and José Antonio Flores Farf á n, "Argots as a Code-Switching Process: A Case Study of the Sociohnguistic Aspects of Drug Subcultures,"in Redolfo Jacobson (ed.), Codeswitching as a Worldwide Phenomenon(New York: Peter Lang,1990), pp.142-143.
[22]Wolf Leslau, Ethiopian Argots (London: Mouton & Co,1964), p.7; Kaplan, Kampe, and Farfán, "Argots as a Code- Switching Process," Codeswitching as a Worldwide Phenomenon, pp.143-144,146.
[23]Antonio Gramsei, Selections from Cultural Writings(Eds. David Fagaes and Geoffrey Nowell-Smith; trans. William Boelhower. Cambridge: Harvard University Press,1985), p.195.
[24]Di Wang, "The Rhythm of the City: Bamboo-Branch Poetry and Public Life in Late-Qing Chengdu," Late Imperial China, Vol.22, No.1(2003), pp.33-78. 作者: 恩施土家 时间: 2011-11-16 09:50